Monday, March 17, 2008
Data Recovery - The Known And Unknown Facts
Data Recovery is the process of rescuing the data from the spoiled or inaccessible storage media when the media reaches a situation where it cannot be accessed in the normal manner. The data often can be rescued from the storage media formats such as Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Tape Drives, CDs, DVDs and RAID Drives. The data is lost either due to the Physical damage to the storage disk or the logical damage to the file system in the disk that prevents it from being accessible by the operating system.
Physical Damage
Physical damage is the corruption of the physical parts of the storage media. There are a variety of possibilities like the improper working of a Hard disk due to the mechanical failures such as head crashes, failed motors or insufficient power supply. CD Rom drives can have their layers scratched off, the tape drives can simply break when kept inside a bag while traveling are a few to name and there can be many more reasons. Physical hard drive damage always leads to some kind of Logical damage as well as there are some clusters destroyed which are inaccessible. The logical damage must be recovered before any files are salvaged from the media.
The physical damages cannot be repaired by the user himself as it can cause further damage to the media and moreover the users generally are not trained to handle such extreme processes like opening a hard disk in a normal room can further damage the disk as it leads to dust settlement on the surface of the disk. To overcome these difficulties the Data Recovery Companies are consulted where clean room facilities at 100 percent are maintained to protect the media when the repairs are being carried out. This helps in rebuilding the logical damage before the data is being rescued. However the data recovery success rate is below 100 percent in case of a physical damage but most of the files are recovered. This kind of recovery can also be carried out for other media such as Tape drives, memory cards etc.
Logical Damage
The Logical damages occur more commonly when compared to that of the Physical damage. This is primarily caused due improper maintenance where the file system structures are prevented from being completely written to the storage medium. This results in the inconsistency in the state of file system and can cause variety of problems such as system crashes, operating system checking for the boot file for more than one time or there can also be an actual data loss. These inconsistencies up to a limited stage can be repaired and there are various programs that are accompanied with the operating software and can be used to overcome the problem. For instance there is chkdsk with Microsoft Windows and fsck with Linux and also some software available to overcome these errors when the operating system is unable to correct these errors.
While most of the logical damage can be recovered by the operating system or a good data recovery software. This usually happen when during a recovery process two files claims to share the same allocation unit and in such case, data loss for one of the files is essentially guaranteed. This can be lowered by use of journaling file systems, such as NTFS 5.0. These file systems can always be rolled back to a consistent state, which means the data that will be lost will be likely the one in the drives cache during the system failure. However, regular system maintenance should still be followed to avoid any kind of data loss. This not only protects from the data being lost but also from the file system being infected by the virus. However, one incompatibility still remains where the disk controller reports that the file system reports of structures being saved to the disk when it has not actually occurred. This can often happen during a power loss where the data is stored in cache. This problem can be solved by using a system that is equipped with a battery backup or an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) so that the waiting data can be written when the power is restored or at least to give enough time to the system to shut down properly.
Saturday, March 15, 2008
Consideration When Buying a Treadmill - The Motor
If you are serious about purchasing a quality treadmill, and not some toy that will break down in a short period of time, then there are a number of considerations to think about. One of the most important is the quality of the motor.
A treadmill motor is one of the most significant components to consider when buying a treadmill. It is what drives the treadbelt that you walk or run on. Depending on the quality and power, it can make the difference between a smooth running machine and a loud noise-maker that struggle to run. In most cases the larger and heavier the motor the better. But that is not always the case. The quality of the motor can make a big difference, even if it is smaller. In other words not all treadmill motors are equal.
When comparing treadmill motors you want to go by the horsepower of the continuous duty, not peak horsepower. Peak horsepower is the maximum horsepower a treadmill can reach. Continuous-duty horsepower is a measure of sustained power during regular use. The continuous motor power is what is consistently delivered during heavy usage over an extended period of time.
Since peak horsepower is usually significantly higher than a motor's continuous capability, continuous horsepower better helps you determine which treadmill will accommodate your intended exercise use. Generally speaking, the larger the motor the more powerful it can operate at a continuous rate
Continuous duty is the standard in comparing horsepower. Unfortunately there is no official standard rating and often treadmill manufacturers will exaggerate the actual continuous duty horsepower. Regardless, the continuous duty horsepower rating will give you some guideline, but it is not an absolute.
An indication of the quality of the motor will often be reflected by the extent of the warranty. A 90 day warranty will suggest lack of quality. A warranty of 5 years or more tells you that the motor is built to last, or otherwise the company would go broke having to replace them. In fact, there are a number of treadmill manufacturers that offer lifetime warranties on the motor.
We suggest the following continuous duty horsepower when selecting a treadmill. If you are over 200 lbs you may want to add a .5 hp to the motor level:
Walking - 2.0+ Continuous Duty HPJogging - 2.5+ Continuous Duty HP
Running - 3.0+ Continuous Duty HP
Be especially careful when you purchase a treadmill under $1,000. Below that price you will have manufacturers skimp on the quality of components in order to keep the price down. When you purchase from a reputable manufacturer the chances of the motor breaking down are slim. When you buy an inferior treadmill the chances of the motor burning out increases substantially.
Resurrecting an Old Technology - VSR Motors
A 170 year old electrical technology, called variable switched reluctance (VSR) motors was resurrected in the 1980s with the advent of electronic controllers. The Texas based Le Tiurneau.inc has developed a wheeled front end loader for mining work which use large horsepower VSR motors for its wheel drives. Basically, a VSR motor comprises a rotor and a stator with a coil winding in the stator. The rotor, which consists of a laminated permeable material with teeth, is a passive device with no coil winding or permanent magnets.
The stator typically consists of slots containing a series of coil winding, the energization of which is electronically switched to generate a moving field. When one stator coil is set on, a magnetic flux path is generated around the coil and the rotor. The rotor experiences a torque and is moved in the line with the energized coils, minimizing the flux path. with the approximate switching and energization of the stator coils, the rotor can be encouraged to rotate at any desired torque and speed.
VSR Motors offers the following advantages: Since there are no brushes ringing, there is no requirement of commutator maintenance. the motor is more robust since there are no coils or moving parts. A VSR motor can maintain higher torque and efficiency over broader speed ranges than is possible with other advanced variable speed systems. In addition, as the commutation can be accurately controlled with respect to the rotor angle, the motor will operate at its predicted high efficiency. With VSR technology it is possible to design a low cost motor with over 90% system efficiency and variable speed.
VSR motors can be programmed to precisely match the loads the serve, and their simple rugged construction has no expensive magnets or squirrel cages like the induction motor. VSR motors are smaller than DC motors. VSR motor is inherently resistant to overload and immune to single point failure. They have a high level of fault tolerance and are immune to switching faults. According t a spokesman of Le Tourneau, While the initial cost of SR motor and control is a little more expensive than standard DC system, in the failure, there may be little or no difference in the manufacturing costs due to decreasing prices of electronic components. VSR motors are not without their drawbacks, however. The most significant downside is the acoustic noise and the large vibration caused by the motor's high pulsating magnetic flux. Another limitation is torque ripple. But while these drawbacks have an effect in small horsepower VSR motors, they are of no significance in large horsepower traction motors.
Friday, March 14, 2008
Swamp Cooling - Not Just for Swamps! FAQ
1. What is evaporative cooling?
Nature's most efficient means of cooling is through the evaporation of water. Evaporative cooling works on the principle of heat absorption by moisture evaporation. The evaporative cooler draws exterior air into special pads soaked with water, where the air is cooled by evaporation, and then circulated.
2. What choices of evaporative cooling do I have?
The range of commercial and industrial evaporative coolers available today is extensive, varying from commercial mobile coolers to large and fully ducted systems designed for commercial use.
3. Are evaporative coolers more suitable for specific climates?
Evaporative cooling is especially suited for areas where the air is hot and the humidity is low. However, in areas of higher humidity, there are many proven cost effective uses for evaporative cooling that make this the best choice. For example, industrial plants, commercial kitchens, laundry facilities, dry cleaners, greenhouses, places which utilize spot cooling (loading docks, warehouses, factories, construction sites, athletic events, workshops, garages, kennels), and areas using confinement farming (poultry ranches and hog/dairy farms).
4. What advantages does evaporative cooling have compared to a refrigerated cooling system?
Evaporative cooling will provide a substantial energy savings over refrigerated air units. The simplicity of the design allows low maintenance requirements. The evaporative cooler will provide fresh, filtered air. The outside air that has been cooled will blow the stale, inside air, out. With the substantial savings of energy and the constant changes in the air, the industrial/commercial evaporative cooler is ideally suited for area cooling or spot cooling of factories, laundries, churches, schools, agricultural/business areas, restaurants, and more.
5. What size evaporative cooler do I need?
Evaporative coolers are size-based on cubic feet per minute (CFM) of airflow. For sizing information on industrial/commercial coolers, the formulas are located in the specification charts of the cooler considered. When sizing an industrial or commercial cooler it is important to be job specific to include unusual heat loads and static pressures of the system design.
Even More Detailed Answers! Read on...
6. How do swamp/evaporative coolers work?
Swamp coolers are efficient and effective machines of cooling. As a direct replacement for air conditioning in dry climates, these coolers are an example of how we can work with nature. Being considerably less expensive than air conditioning, it almost seems that one is getting something for nothing when using a swamp cooler.
The way a swamp cooler operates is very simple. There is a low horsepower motor which pumps the water from the floor of the cooler to the top of the cooler, where it proceeds to fall down the sides and along porous filter pads. A second motor drives a fan which pulls air from the outside, through the cooler, and then pushes this out into the hot room. The significant cooling action results from the water evaporating as the air passes through it. Incidentally, the water level is kept constant with the help of a floating sphere, functioning similarly to the one in a toilet bowl. The hot air enters the cooler, where two small motors power nothing more than a fan and a pump in order to send cool air into the hot room.
The way the air is cooled in a swamp cooler is similar to the way evaporating sweat cools the human body. When a substance is perceived at a certain energy heat level, measured in temperature, there is really a distribution of varying levels of temperature throughout the molecules of the substance. This assortment of temperatures average out to the measured value. Most of the molecules can be around the average, and the farther from the average, the less of them there are. For example, water at room temperature has most of its molecules at approximately that temperature, but it also contains molecules that are near the boiling point of water and also near its freezing point. However small in quantity they are, these are an important presence. Because at the boiling point of water, there are molecules that are gases and those that are liquids. The liquid molecules will absorb energy in the form of heat to become gases and escape the confines of their old forms. As the molecules from the higher temperatures evaporate, the remaining liquids average less heat, but there will still be water at the higher temperatures because the remaining molecules redistribute themselves along the bell curve, enabling the next molecules to evaporate. Heat is siphoned off this way from the water, and more importantly, heat is extracted from the air as the liquid water at the boiling point grabs the needed energy for its freedom into gas.
Air conditioning on the other hand, became popular because of the ability to cool the air, not depending on the surrounding humidity. Even on humid days, room and central air conditioners can lower the temperature to a thermostatically-controlled temperature. Air conditioners also use as much as four times the electricity than a swamp cooler and are more expensive to install and maintain. Air conditioners can require ozone-damaging refrigerants, not to mention, circulating the same air over and over again. Fairly popular in desert areas, swamp coolers will work well in California's more humid climates for a majority of the time. Sacramento, for example, averages about 30% humidity on a typical, hot summer afternoon, while this is still dry enough for evaporative cooling to work effectively.
7. Why does evaporation lower temperature?
The process of evaporation happens all the time. Our bodies, for example, perspire in hot weather. Through evaporation, sweat dries and causes our body temperature to drop. Whenever dry air passes over water, some of the water will be absorbed by the air. That is why evaporative cooling naturally occurs near waterfalls, rivers, lakes and oceans. The hotter and drier the air, the more water that can be absorbed. This happens because the temperature and the vapor pressure of the water and the air attempt to equalize. Liquid water molecules become gas in the dry air, a process that uses energy to change its physical state. Heat moves from the higher temperature of the air to the lower temperature of the water, resulting in cooler air. Eventually the air becomes saturated, unable to hold anymore water, and evaporation ceases.
Data Recovery - The Known And Unknown Facts
Data Recovery is the process of rescuing the data from the spoiled or inaccessible storage media when the media reaches a situation where it cannot be accessed in the normal manner. The data often can be rescued from the storage media formats such as Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Tape Drives, CDs, DVDs and RAID Drives. The data is lost either due to the Physical damage to the storage disk or the logical damage to the file system in the disk that prevents it from being accessible by the operating system.
Physical Damage
Physical damage is the corruption of the physical parts of the storage media. There are a variety of possibilities like the improper working of a Hard disk due to the mechanical failures such as head crashes, failed motors or insufficient power supply. CD Rom drives can have their layers scratched off, the tape drives can simply break when kept inside a bag while traveling are a few to name and there can be many more reasons. Physical hard drive damage always leads to some kind of Logical damage as well as there are some clusters destroyed which are inaccessible. The logical damage must be recovered before any files are salvaged from the media.
The physical damages cannot be repaired by the user himself as it can cause further damage to the media and moreover the users generally are not trained to handle such extreme processes like opening a hard disk in a normal room can further damage the disk as it leads to dust settlement on the surface of the disk. To overcome these difficulties the Data Recovery Companies are consulted where clean room facilities at 100 percent are maintained to protect the media when the repairs are being carried out. This helps in rebuilding the logical damage before the data is being rescued. However the data recovery success rate is below 100 percent in case of a physical damage but most of the files are recovered. This kind of recovery can also be carried out for other media such as Tape drives, memory cards etc.
Logical Damage
The Logical damages occur more commonly when compared to that of the Physical damage. This is primarily caused due improper maintenance where the file system structures are prevented from being completely written to the storage medium. This results in the inconsistency in the state of file system and can cause variety of problems such as system crashes, operating system checking for the boot file for more than one time or there can also be an actual data loss. These inconsistencies up to a limited stage can be repaired and there are various programs that are accompanied with the operating software and can be used to overcome the problem. For instance there is chkdsk with Microsoft Windows and fsck with Linux and also some software available to overcome these errors when the operating system is unable to correct these errors.
While most of the logical damage can be recovered by the operating system or a good data recovery software. This usually happen when during a recovery process two files claims to share the same allocation unit and in such case, data loss for one of the files is essentially guaranteed. This can be lowered by use of journaling file systems, such as NTFS 5.0. These file systems can always be rolled back to a consistent state, which means the data that will be lost will be likely the one in the drives cache during the system failure. However, regular system maintenance should still be followed to avoid any kind of data loss. This not only protects from the data being lost but also from the file system being infected by the virus. However, one incompatibility still remains where the disk controller reports that the file system reports of structures being saved to the disk when it has not actually occurred. This can often happen during a power loss where the data is stored in cache. This problem can be solved by using a system that is equipped with a battery backup or an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) so that the waiting data can be written when the power is restored or at least to give enough time to the system to shut down properly.
Data Recovery From (RAID) Servers
The web server works thus; there are many other types of servers that are used commonly.
Types of Servers
Probably, the simplest of servers are the file servers. You can send your request for a file or a file record, over the network to the file server. (File servers require a large bandwidth.) Another equally simple server is the disk server.
A comparatively more advanced version is a database server. In a database server, the user passes on a message to the server (in SQL - 'structure query language') and the results are returned over the network. The data resides on the server, and enables the code that processes the request to find the requested data. The client is not passed on all the files to scan for the required information.
The other server is the transaction server, which contains a SQL data base engine. The procedural statements on the servers either execute the entire SQL transactions or they fail it as a group. As the applications on the transaction servers are mission critical they necessitate an enhanced level of security and integrity of the database. The exchange usually consists of a single request and reply.
A server that is much commonly used unlike the transaction server is the e-mail server. This receives mail from clients and other email servers. The mail server consists of a storage area, a list of users, a series of communication modules and a set of rules defined by the user. The storage area, which is a database of information, consists of the received mail and those in transit. The user defined rules determine the reaction of the mail server to specific messages, for example, only certain e-mails can be sent to a company while the rest get blocked. The communication modules (their number is determined by the mail server) handle the transfer of messages to and fro the email clients.
Servers usually function without manual intervention and they are expected to work almost constantly, therefore, RAID is used.
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Drives)
This is also known as 'redundant array of inexpensive disks.' This term defines a computer data storage scheme that divides and also replicates data among varied hard disks. In a RAID, the different physical hard disks are combined into a single logical unit by using a special hardware or software.
The three key RAID concepts are:
· Mirroring - that of copying data on to different disks in the array
· Striping - the splitting of data in more than one disk, and finally
· Error correction - redundant data is stored for error detection if the need arises
RAID systems are designed to work reliably; therefore, they are ideally suited for servers. However, at times, RAID array also fail and data recovery from a (RAID) server is a complicated process.
Data Recovery from a (RAID) Server
In event of data loss, an initial diagnosis is performed which determines whether each device is accessible. If the media is accessible, a raw image is created of all the data onto a new device so that the nature of information loss can be ascertained. At times, some devices may be inaccessible; these are closely tested to assess the extent of physical damage. Data recovery from a crashed RAID usually involves the replacement of the damaged components like the read/ write head, the drive motors, etc. Specialised tools are used to recover the lost data.
Servers with multiple drives are de-striped on to a device to enable performance of file system repairs and to extract the data files.
Data loss usually induces panic. Losing data from a RAID server necessitates an important precaution. The disk array order should not be changed. Even if they are removed from the server, they should be placed back in the same order and the data recovery experts must be contacted.
Consideration When Buying a Treadmill - The Motor
A treadmill motor is one of the most significant components to consider when buying a treadmill. It is what drives the treadbelt that you walk or run on. Depending on the quality and power, it can make the difference between a smooth running machine and a loud noise-maker that struggle to run. In most cases the larger and heavier the motor the better. But that is not always the case. The quality of the motor can make a big difference, even if it is smaller. In other words not all treadmill motors are equal.
When comparing treadmill motors you want to go by the horsepower of the continuous duty, not peak horsepower. Peak horsepower is the maximum horsepower a treadmill can reach. Continuous-duty horsepower is a measure of sustained power during regular use. The continuous motor power is what is consistently delivered during heavy usage over an extended period of time.
Since peak horsepower is usually significantly higher than a motor's continuous capability, continuous horsepower better helps you determine which treadmill will accommodate your intended exercise use. Generally speaking, the larger the motor the more powerful it can operate at a continuous rate
Continuous duty is the standard in comparing horsepower. Unfortunately there is no official standard rating and often treadmill manufacturers will exaggerate the actual continuous duty horsepower. Regardless, the continuous duty horsepower rating will give you some guideline, but it is not an absolute.
An indication of the quality of the motor will often be reflected by the extent of the warranty. A 90 day warranty will suggest lack of quality. A warranty of 5 years or more tells you that the motor is built to last, or otherwise the company would go broke having to replace them. In fact, there are a number of treadmill manufacturers that offer lifetime warranties on the motor.
We suggest the following continuous duty horsepower when selecting a treadmill. If you are over 200 lbs you may want to add a .5 hp to the motor level:
Walking - 2.0+ Continuous Duty HPJogging - 2.5+ Continuous Duty HP
Running - 3.0+ Continuous Duty HP
Be especially careful when you purchase a treadmill under $1,000. Below that price you will have manufacturers skimp on the quality of components in order to keep the price down. When you purchase from a reputable manufacturer the chances of the motor breaking down are slim. When you buy an inferior treadmill the chances of the motor burning out increases substantially.
Thursday, March 13, 2008
Consideration When Buying a Treadmill - The Motor
If you are serious about purchasing a quality treadmill, and not some toy that will break down in a short period of time, then there are a number of considerations to think about. One of the most important is the quality of the motor.
A treadmill motor is one of the most significant components to consider when buying a treadmill. It is what drives the treadbelt that you walk or run on. Depending on the quality and power, it can make the difference between a smooth running machine and a loud noise-maker that struggle to run. In most cases the larger and heavier the motor the better. But that is not always the case. The quality of the motor can make a big difference, even if it is smaller. In other words not all treadmill motors are equal.
When comparing treadmill motors you want to go by the horsepower of the continuous duty, not peak horsepower. Peak horsepower is the maximum horsepower a treadmill can reach. Continuous-duty horsepower is a measure of sustained power during regular use. The continuous motor power is what is consistently delivered during heavy usage over an extended period of time.
Since peak horsepower is usually significantly higher than a motor's continuous capability, continuous horsepower better helps you determine which treadmill will accommodate your intended exercise use. Generally speaking, the larger the motor the more powerful it can operate at a continuous rate
Continuous duty is the standard in comparing horsepower. Unfortunately there is no official standard rating and often treadmill manufacturers will exaggerate the actual continuous duty horsepower. Regardless, the continuous duty horsepower rating will give you some guideline, but it is not an absolute.
An indication of the quality of the motor will often be reflected by the extent of the warranty. A 90 day warranty will suggest lack of quality. A warranty of 5 years or more tells you that the motor is built to last, or otherwise the company would go broke having to replace them. In fact, there are a number of treadmill manufacturers that offer lifetime warranties on the motor.
We suggest the following continuous duty horsepower when selecting a treadmill. If you are over 200 lbs you may want to add a .5 hp to the motor level:
Walking - 2.0+ Continuous Duty HPJogging - 2.5+ Continuous Duty HP
Running - 3.0+ Continuous Duty HP
Be especially careful when you purchase a treadmill under $1,000. Below that price you will have manufacturers skimp on the quality of components in order to keep the price down. When you purchase from a reputable manufacturer the chances of the motor breaking down are slim. When you buy an inferior treadmill the chances of the motor burning out increases substantially.
Tuesday, March 11, 2008
Resurrecting an Old Technology - VSR Motors
A 170 year old electrical technology, called variable switched reluctance (VSR) motors was resurrected in the 1980s with the advent of electronic controllers. The Texas based Le Tiurneau.inc has developed a wheeled front end loader for mining work which use large horsepower VSR motors for its wheel drives. Basically, a VSR motor comprises a rotor and a stator with a coil winding in the stator. The rotor, which consists of a laminated permeable material with teeth, is a passive device with no coil winding or permanent magnets.
The stator typically consists of slots containing a series of coil winding, the energization of which is electronically switched to generate a moving field. When one stator coil is set on, a magnetic flux path is generated around the coil and the rotor. The rotor experiences a torque and is moved in the line with the energized coils, minimizing the flux path. with the approximate switching and energization of the stator coils, the rotor can be encouraged to rotate at any desired torque and speed.
VSR Motors offers the following advantages: Since there are no brushes ringing, there is no requirement of commutator maintenance. the motor is more robust since there are no coils or moving parts. A VSR motor can maintain higher torque and efficiency over broader speed ranges than is possible with other advanced variable speed systems. In addition, as the commutation can be accurately controlled with respect to the rotor angle, the motor will operate at its predicted high efficiency. With VSR technology it is possible to design a low cost motor with over 90% system efficiency and variable speed.
VSR motors can be programmed to precisely match the loads the serve, and their simple rugged construction has no expensive magnets or squirrel cages like the induction motor. VSR motors are smaller than DC motors. VSR motor is inherently resistant to overload and immune to single point failure. They have a high level of fault tolerance and are immune to switching faults. According t a spokesman of Le Tourneau, While the initial cost of SR motor and control is a little more expensive than standard DC system, in the failure, there may be little or no difference in the manufacturing costs due to decreasing prices of electronic components. VSR motors are not without their drawbacks, however. The most significant downside is the acoustic noise and the large vibration caused by the motor's high pulsating magnetic flux. Another limitation is torque ripple. But while these drawbacks have an effect in small horsepower VSR motors, they are of no significance in large horsepower traction motors.
Useful Information About ATVs
Small open motorized buggies and tricycles designed for off-road use are called all-terrain vehicles, or ATVs. The vehicles are generally buggies and tricycles. The typical three-wheeled ATV is trademarked by Honda.
There are various types of buggies, like the dune buggy, which is built to travel through sand dunes and beaches, or a kite buggy, which is a light vehicle powered by a traction kite.
The tricycle is similar to the bicycle, the only difference being that it is three-wheeled. Some tricycles are also motorized. However, sidecars and three-wheelers are not considered tricycles.
The four-wheeled versions of ATVs are commonly referred to as 'quads,' 'quad bikes' or 'quad cycles.'
Six- and eight-wheeled ATVs are also available for specialized uses. Though the rider can sit on them just as he would sit on a motorcycle, the extra wheels make them more stable at slower speeds. They are known as the AATVs (Amphibious All Terrain Vehicles)
They are also considered to be Off Road Vehicles (OTVs), like the jeep and the motorcycle.
The first three-wheeled ATV was made by Honda in 1970. In 1982, Honda came out with the ATC 250R, which was the first model to have a full suspension, manual clutch and a disk brake. It was favored by hunters and was for purely recreational use.
In the later stages, ATVs had such features as four-wheel drives, long-travel suspensions and liquid-cooled two-stroke motors. The four-wheel-drive ATVs are largely used by workers, farmers and ranchers.
Safety concerns forced the production of three-wheeled ATVs to be clamped down in the late '80s. The front end of the three wheelers has only one wheel, and that makes it lighter. Flipping backwards and overturning are a potential hazard in tricycles, especially while climbing mountains.
In most accidents the driver first loses control of the vehicle. Other common types of accidents are collision with a moving or fixed object, and driver or passenger ejection from all-terrain vehicles. It is recommended that drivers never carry a passenger while operating all terrain vehicles.
There are two kinds of ATVs today, the sports models and the utility models.
The sports models are usually light, small two-wheel drives, and therefore can accelerate quickly. They have a manual transmission and can reach speeds of up to 70 miles per hour.
They are generally built for racing purposes, and therefore should be lightweight and high-powered, with a good suspension and a low center of gravity. These machines are used in various races like motocross, woods, desert, drag racing, speedway and Tourist Trophy races, after modifications.
The utility models are bigger vehicles with a four-wheel drive. The maximum speed they can reach is 60 miles per hour. Utility ATVs are used for various tasks like hauling small loads or towing small trailers.
Popular producers of ATVs are Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki and Arctic Cat.
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
A Guide to Choosing a University Course
An average student has to spend three hours of study for every hour spent in class. Fifteen hours per week is the average time for a university course. Depending upon the university course’s subject, classes may be held during the evening, afternoon or in the day. To support the academic university courses, they may also have to attend the clubs, athletics, recreational activities and societies.
The overall requirement for the degree along with the degree elements will be explained to the students by the faculty advisor. The advisor should be kept informed if the student has any specific area of interest or careers in mind while selecting the university courses. The university courses can be chosen by the students based on their degree requirements, schedules and their interests.
During the transition to the university course, there will be a peer mentor or an upper class student studying in the same degree program to assist the first year students undergoing the university course. Find more info at www.university-resource.info
Study skills are enhanced by free workshops conducted through out the year. By appointment and during the regular hours of office, the professors will also assist the students to overcome any problems faced by them during their university course period. For specific classes, tutorials and labs facilities will also be available for the students. In case of difficulties, the students studying a university course are encouraged to contact professors, faculty advisors or counselors to overcome their problems.
The cost of university courses depends upon the area of study and the lifestyle of the student. The technology fee, student fees and tuition fee are standard and must be paid by the students.
Each university course focuses on its studies. To cite an example, languages, politics, history, psychology are people oriented university courses in the Bachelor of Arts program. Where as the university courses under Bachelor of Science programs such as statistics, mathematics or biology are not people oriented.
Within a university course, in the degree program, a major should be chosen by the students. Within the overall degree, this is a specific study area. The majority of the courses will be related to the specific discipline when a major subject is chosen by the student. A student selecting history as his major in his university course will be studying more history related material than any other areas of study within that course.
Whilst selecting the university courses, try to find out the courses disliked during high school and concentrate more on the courses liked. To find more about the interesting university courses, make an appointment with the liaison officer for a discussion. Take a tour of the universities and colleges to find out more about the courses available.
A Guide to Choosing a University Course
An average student has to spend three hours of study for every hour spent in class. Fifteen hours per week is the average time for a university course. Depending upon the university course’s subject, classes may be held during the evening, afternoon or in the day. To support the academic university courses, they may also have to attend the clubs, athletics, recreational activities and societies.
The overall requirement for the degree along with the degree elements will be explained to the students by the faculty advisor. The advisor should be kept informed if the student has any specific area of interest or careers in mind while selecting the university courses. The university courses can be chosen by the students based on their degree requirements, schedules and their interests.
During the transition to the university course, there will be a peer mentor or an upper class student studying in the same degree program to assist the first year students undergoing the university course. Find more info at www.university-resource.info
Study skills are enhanced by free workshops conducted through out the year. By appointment and during the regular hours of office, the professors will also assist the students to overcome any problems faced by them during their university course period. For specific classes, tutorials and labs facilities will also be available for the students. In case of difficulties, the students studying a university course are encouraged to contact professors, faculty advisors or counselors to overcome their problems.
The cost of university courses depends upon the area of study and the lifestyle of the student. The technology fee, student fees and tuition fee are standard and must be paid by the students.
Each university course focuses on its studies. To cite an example, languages, politics, history, psychology are people oriented university courses in the Bachelor of Arts program. Where as the university courses under Bachelor of Science programs such as statistics, mathematics or biology are not people oriented.
Within a university course, in the degree program, a major should be chosen by the students. Within the overall degree, this is a specific study area. The majority of the courses will be related to the specific discipline when a major subject is chosen by the student. A student selecting history as his major in his university course will be studying more history related material than any other areas of study within that course.
Whilst selecting the university courses, try to find out the courses disliked during high school and concentrate more on the courses liked. To find more about the interesting university courses, make an appointment with the liaison officer for a discussion. Take a tour of the universities and colleges to find out more about the courses available.
The Popularity of Learning Online
A course on personal development, to continue with a hobby, training for a new career or enhancing business skills are just some of the possibilities available in online courses. Their area of interest can be explored at the students own pace. There are thousands of online courses covering hundreds of topics.
Online Courses in Business among others include a course to start your own business or training in time management. Other available online courses include leadership skills, techniques on conducting interviews and marketing courses – online or offline. Online courses in training includes programming languages, marketing through internet, personal computer hardware, Linux, training in office software, graphic designs, web design and other certificate courses in information technology.
Online courses for training in a specific career are also possible. The available resources includes various vocational training programs in wedding planning, carpentry, bookkeeping, real estate, automotive courses, medical transcription and lot of other options to get a diploma. Find more info at www.online-courses4u.info
Professionals who would like to continue their education have various options available in online courses. Engineers, architects, lawyers, physicians, real-estate professionals, social workers, teachers and massage therapists and others, can pursue online CEU and CE courses.
Online courses in personal development are meant for developing a hobby or pursuing a personal interest. Home improvement, investing, gardening, cooking, art and design, digital photography and traffic school and many others are included.
Languages can be learned through various online courses available on the internet. Expanding the existing language skill or learning a foreign language is made easy. Supplementary help for courses such ESL, TEFL are also included in various online courses. Languages such as Japanese, Spanish, Italian, French or German can be easily learnt through online resources.
Convenience and flexibility are the advantages in online learning. This is more so if the students have other commitments. Depending upon on the needs of the student a greater adaptability is also possible along with enhanced communication between the student and the teaching resources online. Some of the advantages of online courses include the teaching materials presented in non-verbal mode and the varieties of learning experience, using multimedia.
E-assessment or assessments made with the aid of a computer includes multiple choice tests which are automatically generated, gearing towards the specific mistakes made by the students and to navigate through a series of questions to find out what the student has learned or not learned.
Monday, February 25, 2008
Chrysler Groups Recalls 62,400 Vehicles For Brake Failure
The recall is specifically includes 62,369 model year 2007 Chrysler Sebring, Chrysler 300, Jeep Commander, Jeep Compass, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Jeep Liberty, Jeep Wrangler, Dodge Nitro, Dodge Magnum, Dodge Charger and Dodge Caliber vehicles to fix the brake system Electronic Control Unit computer.
The instrument panel warning lamps of the aforementioned vehicles may illuminate and be followed by failure of Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD), anti-lock brake system, traction control and speedometer functions. The failure could lead to loss of control.
No injuries and fatalities have been reported due to the brake system failure. The owners of the affected vehicles will be notified in February next year. For the meantime, customers experiencing warning lamp illumination should take their vehicles to a certified Chrysler dealer for the necessary inspection.
The brake system plays a significant role in the performance of the vehicle as well as in the safety of the occupants. The brake pedal, which is attached to the brake cylinder, can be an indicator of serious vehicle problems like leaks and uneven pads. The combination valve must also work together properly. The valve helps regulate pressure. The wheel cylinder is also deemed a critical element in the drum brake assembly. It contains pistons that thrust the shoes against the drums when slowing down. The drum brake assembly is used to take the rear wheels of most wheels to a stop. Disc Brake assembly, on one hand, absorbs more heat than the drum brake. These parts contribute to the efficiency of the vehicles.
Chrysler Group is an American automaker that has existed independently from 1925 to 1998. The automaker has already established remarkable and popular vehicles. It is also famed for its Dodge genuine auto body parts. Jeep vehicles are also phenomenal. In addition, Jeep Cherokee auto body parts are well-regarded in the auto industry.
On the other side of the automotive realm, General Motors will be expanding a recall of its SUVs and pickups. In all there are 1,357,000 vehicles form part of the GM recall. Said recall is due to the malfunction of the anti-lock brake system integrated to GMC and Chevrolet body parts. Affected vehicles include GMC Sierra, Yukon, Yukon XL, Chevrolet Avalanche, Silverado, Suburban and Tahoe.
Toyota Formulates Anti-drunk Driving System
Vehicles equipped with said detection system will not start if sweat sensors detect high alcohol consumption in the driver's bloodstream. Also incorporated in the system is the special camera that shows the driver's eyes. Said system is expected to come to the market by the end of 2009. Now, occupants of the automaker's vehicles will not only be protected by the Toyota transmission speed sensor, side and front airbags, and other safety features; they can also rely on the efficiency of the anti-drunk system.
Nissan, another Japanese automaker, has previously ventured in a system almost similar to this one. Nissan's device is called the breathalyzer. The latter is likened to the immobilizers used in the United States as part of several drunk-driving sentences. The system can also be mated to a camera in order to monitor if the driver is sleepy while driving. Saab and Volvo auto parts are also designed to complement this system. This is because Sweden has stringent laws against drunk-driving. Similar technologies like alcohol ignition interlocks are also rampant in the United States and other territories.
What triggered Toyota to formulate the anti-drunk system is the fact that drunk-driving and alcohol related accidents have surged in Japan in 2006. In August, a drunken driver collided with another vehicle carrying a family of five. The three children were killed when the vehicle fell off the bridge. The accident prompted safety roadside spot checks to be done by the police. It also was the beginning of the clamor for higher penalties relating to drunk-driving and other safety issues. With the present statistics relating to drunk-driving accidents, it is just but essential to equip vehicles with features and systems to ensure safety of the occupants.
Toyota, a Japanese multination corporation, is the second largest automaker worldwide. It is popular in the field of manufacturing automobiles, buses, trucks and robots. To measure the magnitude of its financial presence in the world, the company is the 8th largest company by revenue. Also, Toyota is expected to become the world's largest automaker this year or no later than 2008. The automaker is investing a great amount of money in cleaner-burning vehicles like the Prius and the much-awaited RAV4 that runs on hydrogen fuel cells.
Toyota is in almost every part of the globe. It has established factories and assembly plants in the United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Brazil, Turkey, France, and more recently Pakistan, India, Argentina, Czech Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Venezuela, and the Philippines.
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